Title : First contribution to the breeding ecology of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in an urban environment of Blida, Algeria
Abstract:
This study presents the first long-term assessment of the breeding ecology of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in an urban environment in northern Algeria. Conducted in the city of Blida over five breeding seasons (2019–2023), it highlights the species’ adaptability to urban habitats, examining key reproductive parameters, nesting site selection, and the influence of anthropogenic pressures on kestrel populations. While widely studied in Europe, such data remain scarce in North Africa, making this contribution particularly valuable for understanding urban adaptation in this region. Results indicate that common kestrel pairs exhibit remarkable adaptability, occupying diverse nesting substrates such as building cavities, balconies, and other anthropogenic structures. The average territory size used for breeding and foraging was 1.99 ± 1.58 km². Clutch sizes ranged from 2 to 6 eggs, with a mean of 4.3 ± 1.5 eggs per nest. The incubation period lasted approximately 27.7 ± 1.3 days, while fledging occurred between 27- and 32-days post-hatching (mean: 29.1 ± 1.9 days). Despite this adaptive success, urban kestrels are not exempt from threats. Observations reveal increasing competition with other bird species (such as pigeons and crows), as well as significant anthropogenic pressures. Among the most critical challenges are the theft of eggs and chicks, habitat disturbance, and limited nesting site availability in certain parts of the city. In conclusion, this study underscores the Common Kestrel’s strong capacity to establish viable breeding populations in urban environments. At the same time, it highlights the necessity of integrated urban wildlife management strategies to mitigate human-induced threats and ensure the sustainability of kestrel populations in rapidly urbanizing areas.
